Acquisition is a High Risky Strategy Essay

In the literature, several motives for takeovers have been identified. One is the desire for synergy. That is, similarities or complementarities between the acquiring and target firms are expected to result in the combined value of the enterprises exceeding their worth as separate firms (Collis and Montgomery, 1998). A second motive involves the expectation that acquirers can extract value because target companies have been managed inefficiently (Varaiya, 1987). A third motive is attributed to managerial hubris – the notion that senior executives, in overestimating their own abilities, acquire companies they believe could be managed more profitably under their control. Agency theory motive is the anticipation that firm expansion will positively impact the compensation of top managers since there tends to be a direct relation between firm size and executive pay. Contemporary specialists contend that managerial ownership incentives may be expected to have divergent impacts on corporate strategy and firm value. This premise has been recognized in previous studies. For instance, Stulz (1988) has examined the ownership of managers of target companies and has proposed that the relationship between that ownership and the value of target firms may initially be positive and then subsequently become negative with rising insider ownership. Moreover, Shivdasani (1993) empirically shows that the relationship of the ownership structure of target companies with the value of hostile bids is not uniformly positive. McConnell and Servaes (1990) have likewise analyzed the relationship of equity ownership among corporate insiders and Tobin’s q. Their results demonstrate a non-monotonic relation between Tobin’s q and insider equity stakes. Wright et al. (1996: 451) have shown a non-linear relationship between insider ownership and corporate strategy related to firm risk taking. Ownership Incentives and Changes in Company Risk Motivating Acquisitions An agency-theoretic motive for acquisitions has been used to explain managerial preferences for risk-reducing corporate strategies (Wright et al., 1996). The implication is that both principals and agents prefer acquiring target companies with higher rather than lower returns. In that, shareholders and managers have congruent interests. The interests, however, diverge in terms of risk considerations associated with acquisitions. Because shareholders possess diversified portfolios, they may only be concerned with systematic risk and be indifferent to the total variance of returns associated with a takeover. Senior managers may alternatively prefer risk-reducing corporate strategies, unless they are granted ownership incentives. That is because they can not diversify their human capital invested in the firm. In the literature, it has been argued that agency costs may be reduced as managerial ownership incentives rise. The reason is that, as ownership incentives rise, the financial interests of insiders and shareholders will begin to converge. Analysts conjecture, however, that such incentives may not consistently provide senior executives the motivation to lessen the agency costs associated with an acquisition strategy. Inherent is the presumption that the nature of executive wealth portfolios will differently influence their attitudes toward corporate strategy. The personal wealth portfolios of top managers are comprised of their ownership of shares/options in the firm, the income produced from their employment, and assets unrelated to the firm. Presumably, as senior executives increase their equity stakes in the enterprise, their personal wealth portfolios become correspondingly less diversified. Although stockholders can diversify their wealth portfolios, top executives have less flexibility if they own substantial shares in the firms they manage. Hence, if a significant portion of managers’ wealth is concentrated in one investment, then they may find it prudent to diversify their firms via risk-reducing acquisitions. In the related literature, however, takeovers and risk taking have been approached differently from the described approach. Amihud and Lev (1999) have contended that insiders’ employment income is significantly related to the firm’s performance. Thus, managers are confronted with risks associated with their income if the maintenance of that income is dependent on achieving predetermined performance targets. Reasonably, in the event of either corporate underperformance or firm failure, CEOs not only may lose their current employment income but also may seriously suffer in the managerial labor market, since their future earnings potential with other enterprises may be lowered. Hence, the risk of executives’ employment income is impacted by the firm’s risk. The ramification of Amihud and Lev’s (1999) contentions is that top managers will tend to lower firm risk, and therefore their own employment risk, by acquiring companies that contribute to stabiliz ing of the firm’s income, even if shareholder wealth is adversely affected. Consistent with the implications of Amihud and Lev’s arguments, Agrawal and Mandelker (1987) have similarly suggested that managers with negligible ownership stakes may adopt risk-reducing corporate strategies because such strategies may well serve their own personal interests. With ownership incentives, however, managers may be more likely to acquire risk-enhancing target companies, in line with the requirement of wealth maximization for shareholders. The notion that at negligible managerial ownership levels, detrimental risk-reducing acquisition strategies may be emphasized, but with increasing ownership incentive levels, beneficial risk-enhancing acquisitions may be more prevalent is also suggested in other works (Grossman and Hoskisson, 1998). The conclusion of these investigations is that the relationship between insider ownership and risk enhancing, worthy corporate acquisitions is linear and positive. Some experts assert that CEOs’ personal wealth concentration will induce senior managers to undertake risk-reducing firm strategies. Portfolio theory’s expectation suggests that investors or owner-managers may desire to diversify their personal wealth portfolios. For instance, Markowitz (1952: 89) has asserted that investors may wish to â€Å"diversify across industries because firms in different industries. . . have lower covariances than firms within an industry.† Moreover, as argued by Sharpe (1964: 441), â€Å"diversification enables the investor to escape all but the risk resulting from swings in economic activity.† Consequently, managers with substantial equity investments in the firm may diversify the firm via risk-reducing acquisitions in order to diversify their own personal wealth portfolios. Because they may be especially concerned with risk-reducing acquisitions, however, their corporate strategies may not enhance firm value through takeovers, although managerial intention may be to boost corporate value. The above discussion is compatible with complementary arguments that suggest that insiders may acquire non-value-maximizing target companies although their intentions may be to enhance returns to shareholders. For instance, according to the synergy view, while takeovers may be motivated by an ex-ante concern for increasing corporate value, many such acquisitions are not associated with an increase in firm value. Alternatively, according to the hubris hypothesis, even though insiders may intend to acquire targets that they believe could be managed more profitably under their control, such acquisitions are not ordinarily related to higher profitability. If acquisitions which are undertaken primarily with insider expectations that they will financially benefit owners do not realize higher performance, then those acquisitions which are primarily motivated by a risk-reducing desire may likewise not be associated with beneficial outcomes for owners. Additionally, it can be argued that shareholders can more efficiently diversify their own portfolios, making it unnecessary for managers to diversify the firm in order to achieve portfolio diversification for shareholders. Risk Associated with HRM practices in International Acquisitions There are a number of reasons why the HRM policies and practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) and cross-border acquisitions are likely to be different from those found in domestic firms (Dowling, Schuler and Welch, 1993). For one, the difference in geographical spread means that acquisitions must normally engage in a number of HR activities that are not needed in domestic firms – such as providing relocation and orientation assistance to expatriates, administering international job rotation programmes, and dealing with international union activity. Second, as Dowling (1988) points out, the personnel policies and practices of MNCs are likely to be more complex and diverse. For instance, complex salary and income taxation issues are likely to arise in acquisitions because their pay policies and practices have to be administered to many different groups of subsidiaries and employees, located in different countries. Managing this diversity may generate a number of co-ordination and communication problems that do not arise in domestic firms. In recognition of these difficulties, most large international companies retain the services of a major accounting firm to ensure there is no tax incentive or disincentive associated with a particular international assignment. Finally, there are more stakeholders that influence the HRM policies and practices of international firms than those of domestic firms. The major stakeholders in private organizations are the shareholders and the employees. But one could also think of unions, consumer organizations and other pressure groups. These pressure groups also exist in domestic firms, but they often put more pressure on foreign than on local companies. This probably means that international companies need to be more risk averse and concerned with the social and political environment than domestic firms. Acquisitions and HRM Practices: Evidence from Japan, the US, and Europe In contemporary context, international human resource management faces important challenges, and this trend characterizes many Japanese, US and European acquisitions.   From the critical point of view, Japanese companies experience more problems associated with international human resource management than companies from the US and Europe (Shibuya, 2000). Lack of home-country personnel sufficient international manage ­ment skills has been widely recognized in literature as the most difficult problem facing Japanese compa ­nies and simultaneously one of the most significant of US and European acquisitions as well. The statement implies that cultivating such skills is difficult and that they are relatively rare among businessmen in any country. Japanese companies may be particularly prone to this problem due to their heavy use of home-country nationals in overseas management positions. European and Japanese acquisitions also experience the lack of home country personnel who want to work abroad, while it is less of an impediment for the US companies. In the US acquisitions expatriates often experience reentry difficulties (e.g., career disruption) when re ­turning to the home country: This problem was the one most often cited by US firms.   Today Japanese corporations report the relatively lower incidence of expatriate reentry diffi ­culties, and it is surprising given the vivid accounts of such problems at Japanese firms by White (1988) and Umezawa (1990). However, the more active role of the Japanese person ­nel department in coordinating career paths, the tradition of semi ­annual musical-chair-like personnel shuffles (jinji idoh), and the continu ­ing efforts of Japanese stationed overseas to maintain close contact with headquarters might underlie the lower level of difficulties in this area for Japanese firms (Inohara, 2001). In contrast, the decentralized structures of many US and European firms may serve to isolate expatriates from their home-country headquarters, making reentry more problematic. Also, recent downsiz ­ing at US and European firms may reduce the number of appropriate management positions for expatriates to return to, or may sever expatri ­ates’ relationships with colleagues and mentors at headquarters. Furthermore, within the context of the lifetime employment system, individ ­ual Japanese employees have little to gain by voicing reentry concerns to personnel managers. In turn, personnel managers need not pay a great deal of attention to reentry problems because they will usually not result in a resignation. In western firms, reentry problems need to be taken more seriously by personnel managers because they frequently result in the loss of a valued employee. A further possible explanation for the higher incidence of expatriate reentry problems in western multinationals is the greater tendency of those companies to implement a policy of transferring local nationals to headquarters or other international operations. Under such a policy, the definition of expatriate expands beyond home-country nationals to en ­compass local nationals who transfer outside their home countries. It may even be that local nationals who return to a local operation after working at headquarters or other international operations may have their own special varieties of reentry problems. Literature on international human resource practices in Japan, the US and Europe suggest that the major strategic difficulty for the MNCs is to attract high-caliber local nationals to work for the company. In general, acquisitions may face greater challenges in hiring high-caliber local employees than do domestic firms due to lack of name recognition and fewer relationships with educators or others who might recommend candidates. However, researchers suggest that this issue is significantly more difficult for Japanese than for US and European multinationals. When asked to describe problems encoun ­tered in establishing their US affiliates, 39.5% of the respondents to a Japan Society survey cited â€Å"finding qualified American managers to work in the affiliate† and 30.8% cited â€Å"hiring a qualified workforce† (Bob ; SRI, 2001). Similarly, a survey of Japanese companies operating in the US conducted by a human resource consulting firm found that 35% felt recruiting personnel to be very difficult or extremely difficult, and 56% felt it to be difficult (The Wyatt Company, 1999). In addition to mentioned problem, Japanese acquisition encounter high local employee turnover, which is significantly more prob ­lematic for them due to the near-total absence of turnover to which they are accustomed in Japan. The US, European and Japanese companies admit very rarely that they encounter local legal challenges to their personnel policies. However, in regard to Japanese acquisitions large   amount of press coverage has been given to lawsuits against Japanese companies in the United States and a Japanese Ministry of Labor Survey in which 57% of the 331 respondents indicated that they were facing potential equal employ ­ment opportunity-related lawsuits in the United States (Shibuya, 2000). Conclusion This research investigates whether corporate acquisitions with shared technological resources or participation in similar product markets realize superior economic returns in comparison with unrelated acquisitions. The rationale for superior economic performance in related acquisitions derives from the synergies that are expected through a combination of supplementary or complementary resources. It is clear from the results of this research that acquired firms in related acquisitions have higher returns than acquired firms in unrelated acqui ­sitions. This implies that the related acquired firm benefits more from the acquirer than the unrelated acquired firm. The higher returns for the related acquired firms suggest that the combination with the acquirer’s resources has higher value implications than the combination of two unrelated firms. This is supported by the higher total wealth gains which were observed in related acquisitions. I did however, in the case of acquiring firms, find that the abnormal returns directly attributable to the acquisition transaction are not significant. There are reasons to believe that the announcement effects of the transaction on the returns to acquirers are less easily detected than for target firms. First, an acquisition by a firm affects only part of its businesses, while affecting all the assets (in control-oriented acqui ­sitions) of the target firm. Thus the measurability of effects on acquirers is attenuated. Second, if an acquisition is one event in a series of implicit moves constituting a diversification program, its individual effect as a market signal would be mitigated. It is also likely that the theoretical argument which postulates that related acquisitions create wealth for acquirers may be underspecified. Relatedness is often multifaceted, suggesting that the resources of the target firm may be of value to many firms, thus increasing the relative bargaining power of the target vis-a-vis the potential buyers. Even in the absence of explicit competition for the target (multiple bidding), the premiums paid for control are a substantial fraction of the total gains available from the transaction. For managers, some implications from the research can be offered. First, it seems quite clear from the data that a firm seeking to be acquired will realize higher returns if it is sold to a related than an unrelated firm. This counsel is consistent with the view that the market recognizes synergistic combinations and values them accordingly. Second, managers in acquiring firms may be advised to scrutinize carefully the expected gains in related and unrelated acquisitions. For managers the issue of concern is not whether or not a given kind of acquisition creates a significant total amount of wealth, but what percentage of that wealth they can expect to accrue to their firms. Thus, although acquisitions involving related technologies or product market yield higher total gains, pricing mechanisms in the market for corporate acquisitions reflect the gains primarily on the target company. Interpreting these results conservatively, one may offer the argument that expected gains for acquiring firms are competed away in the bidding process, with stockholders of target firms obtaining high proportions of the gains. On a pragmatic level this research underscores the need to combine what may be called the theoretical with the practical. In the case of acquisitions, pragmatic issues like implicit and explicit competition for a target firm alter the theoretical expectations of gains from an acquisition transaction. Further efforts to clarify these issues theoretically and empirically will increase our understanding of these important phenomena. Bibliography Sharpe WF. 1964. Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. Journal of Finance 19: 425-442 Markowitz H. 1952. Portfolio selections. Journal of Finance 7: 77-91 Grossman W, Hoskisson R. 1998. CEO pay at the crossroads of Wall Street and Main: toward the strategic design of executive compensation. Academy of Management Executive 12: 43-57 Amihud Y, Lev B. 1999. Does corporate ownership structure affect its strategy towards diversification? Strategic Management Journal 20(11): 1063-1069 Agrawal A, Mandelker G. 1987. Managerial incentives and corporate investment and financing decisions. Journal of Finance 42: 823-837 Wright P, Ferris S, Sarin A, Awasthi V. 1996. The impact of corporate insider, blockholder, and institutional equity ownership on firm risk-taking. Academy of Management Journal 39: 441-463 McConnell JJ, Servaes H. 1990. Additional evidence on equity ownership and corporate value. Journal of Financial Economics 27: 595-612. Shivdasani A. 1993. Board composition, ownership structure, and hostile takeovers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 16: 167-198 Stulz RM. 1988. Managerial control of voting rights: financing policies and the market for corporate control. Journal of Financial Economics 20: 25-54 Varaiya N. 1987. Determinants of premiums in acquisition transactions. Managerial and Decision Economics 14: 175-184 Collis D, Montgomery C. 1998. Creating corporate advantage. Harvard Business Review 76(3): 71-83 White, M. 1988. The Japanese overseas: Can they go home again? New York: The Free Press. Bob, D., ; SRI International. 2001. Japanese companies in American communities. New York: The Japan Society.

An Innovative Approach: A Secured Automated Diagnosis System for Heart Diseases

An Advanced Approach: A secured automated Diagnosis System for Heart Diseases Abstract –The diagnosing of bosom disease is a important and complicated procedure that requires high degree of expertness. Development of computing machine methods for the diagnosing of bosom disease attracts many research workers. This paper has developed an automated diagnosing system to place assorted bosom diseases like cardio vascular disease, coronary arteria disease, myocardiopathy, bosom onslaught etc. This diagnosing system is a package plan or application that identifies the diseases based on the cognition available at the system. This system uses symptoms of patients to foretell the likeliness of patient acquiring a bosom disease. This diagnosing system is 3rd party waiters that are potentially non to the full trusted which raises privateness concerns. The usage of encoding algorithm before naming preserves the privateness of the patient informations and the determination. The patient informations is encrypted by utilizing an AES encoding algorithm. The encrypted i nformation is processed by this system to sort the happening of bosom diseases by utilizing lucifer devising algorithm. Hence the waiter involved in the diagnosing procedure is non able to larn any excess cognition about the patient informations and consequences. Keywords: AES encoding, clinical determination support system, diagnosing system, lucifer devising algorithm. I. Introduction Now a day’s, in this universe bosom disease is the major cause of deceases. There are several hazard factors for bosom disease such as age, gender, baccy usage, intoxicant ingestion, unhealthy diet, fleshiness, household history of bosom disease, raised blood force per unit area, raised blood sugar. The World Health Organization has estimated that 12 million deceases occur worldwide, every twelvemonth due to bosom diseases. Heart disease is besides known as ( CVD ) cardiovascular disease, encloses a figure of conditions that influence the bosom non merely bosom onslaughts [ 2 ] . Heart diseases besides include functional jobs of bosom such as infections in bosom musculuss like myocardial inflammation ( inflammatory bosom diseases ) , bosom valve abnormalcies or irregular bosom beat etc these grounds can take to bosom failure [ 4 ] . Heart is the most indispensable critical organ in the human organic structure ; if that organ gets affected so it besides affects the other critic al parts of the organic structure. In this fast moving universe people want to populate a really epicurean life so they work like a machine in order to gain batch of money and live a comfy life hence in this race they forget to take attention of themselves, in this type of life style they are most tensed they have blood force per unit area, sugar at really immature age and they don’t give plenty remainder for themselves and eat what they get and they even don’t bother about the quality of nutrient, if they are ill they go for their ain medicine, as a consequence of all these little carelessness it leads to a major menace that is bosom disease. Therefore it is really of import for a people to travel for bosom disease diagnosing. This paper has developed a diagnosing system to place assorted bosom diseases in an early phase. The intent of this machine-controlled tool is to assist people who are non able to run into the physicians straight and for the people who are busy in plants and non even have clip to see infirmary. This diagnosing system is a computing machine based system which identifies the disease based on the cognition available at the system. II EXIXTING SYSTEM A clinical determination support system ( CDSS ) is a computerized medical diagnosing procedure for heightening wellness related determinations [ 6 ] . It is helpful for patient or clinicians to diagnosis the diseases. Now clinicians, who want to verify whether their patients are affected by that peculiar disease, could direct the patient informations to the waiter via the radio medium to execute diagnosing based on the health care cognition at the waiter. However, there is now a hazard that the 3rd party waiters are potentially non sure waiters. Hence, let go ofing the patient informations samples owned by the clinician or uncovering the determination to the non trusted waiter raises privateness concerns. III. PROPOSED SYSTEM The chief purpose of the proposed work is to develop privateness preserved automated diagnosing system. The patient can utilize this system to name the disease in an early phase. Patient encrypts each component of his / her informations utilizing the AES encoding algorithm and sends the encrypted informations and the corresponding public key to the waiter [ 1, 6 ] . The private key resides at the Patient side ; hence, it is non possible for the remote waiter which participates in this categorization operation to decode. This system provides privateness to the patient informations by coding the patient informations before naming [ 4 ] . The encrypted information is sent to the waiter for naming. The waiter uses the healthcare information from its ain depository and classifies the symptoms by utilizing matchmaking algorithm [ 3 ] . The block diagram for the proposed system is given below. Figure: Work flow diagram of the proposed method. The above Figure.1 explains the proposed work flow method for naming the bosom diseases. The measure by measure procedure of proposed method is as follows. 1. The list of diseases associated with bosom and the related symptoms are collected from the medical resources. 2. The collected symptoms are uploaded into server database through generator tool in an encrypted file format. The intent of the generator tool is to hive away the informations such as name of the disease and the associated symptoms. 3. The patient sends the list of symptoms that he / she may experience to the waiter. These informations must be encrypted by utilizing an AES encoding algorithm [ 1, 6 ] . The usage of encoding algorithm before naming preserves the privateness of patient informations. 4. The encrypted informations to be processed by the waiter is normalized. Normalization splits the encrypted symptoms into each single symptom. This normalized information is in indecipherable signifier. 5. This diagnosing waiter procedure the normalized information to sort the disease based on the cognition available in its database. The categorization of bosom disease is done by utilizing lucifer doing algorithm [ 3 ] . IV. METHODOLOGY The proposed work involves four faculties: informations aggregation, client waiter communicating, encoding and decoding and standardization. A. Data Collection Data aggregation is a most of import measure in any type of diagnosing system. The assorted diseases related to bosom and the associated symptoms are collected from medical resources for better determination devising. All these informations must be uploaded into waiter database through the usage of generator tool. The generator tool upload these item in an encrypted file format. This information will be used by the diagnosing system during the diagnosing procedure. This information will be used for two chief intents: First, the informations will be used in pull outing utile cognition and supply scientific determination devising. Second, the informations will be used in measuring the results of the symptoms. B. Client Server This measure performs the node creative activity and communicating between the beginning and finish. The client and server communicating is done through sockets. Socket is a package end point that establishes the bidirectional communicating between the client and the waiter. In this application we can make a figure of clients that can pass on with the waiter at the same clip. The client is a user of the system i.e. the patient. The patient sends the list of symptoms they may experience to the waiter via the web. The waiter processes those symptoms and provides response to the user. C. Encryption and Decryption Use of encoding before diagnosing preserves the privateness of both patient information and the consequence of the diagnosing procedure. AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) encoding algorithm is used for coding the patient. AES is a symmetric block cypher. This means that it uses same key for both encoding and decoding. AES algorithm accepts the block size of 128 and may utilize either 192 or 256 spots cardinal size. In this algorithm full information block is processed in parallel during each unit of ammunition utilizing permutations and substitutions. The input is a individual 128 spot block for both encoding and decoding and is known as the in matrix. This block is copied into province array which is modified at each phase of the algorithm and so copied to an end product matrix [ 1, 6 ] . The four phases of the AES encoding algorithm are as follows: 1. Substitute bytes 2. Shift rows 3. Mix Columns 4. Add Round Key D. Normalization The standardization is done on the encrypted information before naming. Normalization splits the encrypted symptoms into single symptom. This normalized information is in indecipherable signifier. Hence the waiter is non able to larn any information about the patients. In standardization map it besides performs scaling. It is done to avoid the happening of mistakes. The normalized information is processed by the waiter to sort the patient’s symptoms. The waiter uses matchmaking protocol to sort the patient disease. Matchmaking Algorithm Matchmaking algorithm is done to happen the perfect lucifer for the symptoms to place the disease [ 3 ] .At foremost the symptoms entered by the patient is splitted into separate symptoms.Then each symptom is matched with the informations in the database one by one.For each symptom the possible disease and its symptoms are listed.Now the symptoms of each disease are matched with the splitted informations one by one.If all the symptoms entered by the patient is matched with the symptoms in the database means so the disease is diagnosed easy.If the group of symptoms produces more than one disease, so the system will expose all the relevant disease.V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This subdivision shows treatment of experimental consequences for the proposed diagnosing system. The diagnosing is done by supplying assorted symptoms the patient feel. These symptoms are encrypted to continue the privateness of the patient informations. The diagnosing system processes the symptoms in an encrypted signifier. The patient information ever remain in an encrypted signifier during the diagnosing procedure. And besides the disease identified by the system is in indecipherable signifier this can continue the privateness of the diagnosing consequence. At last the patient decrypts the consequence. If the data’s provided by the patient is non plenty for naming so it will impact the truth and public presentation of the diagnosing system. VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This work has proposed a privateness continuing diagnosing system for placing assorted bosom diseases. Since the proposed system is a possible application of emerging outsourcing techniques, rich clinical informations sets available in distant location could be used via the cyberspace without compromising privateness, thereby heightening the determination devising ability. The proposed system provides privateness to the patient informations by utilizing an encoding algorithm. The patient information ever remain in an encrypted signifier during the diagnosing procedure. Hence the waiter is non able to larn any excess cognition about patient informations and consequences. In future we extend our work to include informations mining algorithm together with encoding to supply more efficient and effectual diagnosing. We can besides utilize existent informations from wellness attention organisations to better the determination doing capableness of the waiter. Use other encoding algorithm to better the security of the patient informations and consequences. Besides we will develop the diagnosing system for many diseases and supply solutions to the identified diseases. Mentions 1.Ashwini R.Tonde, Akshay P Dhande ( 2014 ) , ‘Review Paper on FPGA based execution of Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm’ , International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1, January 2014. 2.Chitra R and Seenivasagam V. ( 2013 ) , ‘Heart Disease Prediction System Using Supervised Learning Classifier’ , International Journal of Software Engineering and Soft Computing, Vol.3, No.1. 3.Ji Sun Shin, Virgil D. Gligor ( 2003 ) , ‘A New Privacy Enhanced Matchmaking Protocol’ , IEICE trans.commun, Vol.E96- B, No.8, pp.2049-2059, Aug 1. 4.Lin K.P and Chen M.S ( 2011 ) , ‘On the design and analysis of the privateness continuing SVM classifier, ’ IEEE trans.Knowl.Data Eng. 5. Mai Shouman, Tim Turner and Rob Stocker ( 2012 ) , ‘Using Data Mining Techniques in Heart Disease Diagnosis and Treatment’ , IEEE dealing on Computer Science and Engineering. 6.Minal Moharir ( 2012 ) , ‘A Novel Approach Using Advanced Encryption Standard to Implement Hard Disk Security† International Journal of Network Security & A ; Its Applications ( IJNSA ) . 7.Ratnam D, HimaBindu P, Mallik Sai V, Rama Devi S.P and Raghavendra Rao P. ( 2014 ) , ‘Computer based Clinical Decision Support System for anticipation of Heart Diseases utilizing Naive Bayes Algorithm’ , International Journal of computing machine Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 ( 2 ) , 2384-2388. 8.Samesh Ghwanmeh ( 2013 ) , ‘Innovative Artificial Neural Network based determination support system for bosom disease diagnosis’ , Journal of Intelligent Learning Systems and Applications. 9.Sellappan Palaniappan, Rafiah Awang ( 2008 ) , ‘Intelligent Heart Disease Prediction System Using Data Mining Techniques’ , IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.8. 10.Shaikh Abdul Hannan ( 2010 ) , ‘Diagnosis and medical prescription of bosom disease utilizing SVM and feed frontward Back extension technique’ , International Journal on computing machine Science and Eng.

Veteran’s Health Administration

The Sutter Health Network (SHN) is a network of doctors, medical foundations, and hospitals found in Northern California that offer a varied assortment of medical services and support programs to the public. The SHN was ranked as the ninth largest healthcare system in America in year 2009- based on their annual revenue. The Network involves itself with their local community; special care is taken to keep their health care costs down in order for their patients to get the best care possible at low cost. Health organizations regularly implement Federal Government Programs to manage health care costs for their patients. The Sutter Health Network is one of the health networks that have applied a Federal Program called the Veteran’s Health Administration. The Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) provides military personnel currently in the military as well as the honorably discharged or retired soldiers with high quality health care and benefits earned through their service. These benefits include primary care pertaining to their service, care for special disability veterans, OEF/OIF/OND care management, medication co pays, specialized medical programs, counseling services, prosthetic therapy and sensory aids, services for blind/visually impaired veterans, mental health care treatment, work restoration programs, nursing home care, caregiver programs, and sexual trauma recovery. With the current economic recession, the number of veterans and military personnel who are now filing for Veterans’ Health Administration to cover their personal and family medical expenses has grown exponentially. The Sutter Health Network accepts coverage from the VHA and provides most of these benefits and health programs included. They connect veterans with primary care physicians or specialists in a number of different fields, surgery centers, urgent medical attention, complementary medicine, mental health care, and hospice. Connecting veterans and persons still serving the army or navy with the health care assistance they need increases the SHN’s revenue with each person they support. This helps the patient prevent monetary consequences from health concerns and increases national savings, which benefits the Sutter Network in a financial and economic sense. â€Å"At Sutter Health, we believe our patients deserve access to high-quality health care—regardless of their ability to pay or whether they have medical insurance. † The Sutter Health Network mission statement shows that they believe everyone deserves access to high-quality health care. They provide medical care for those in need, regardless if they can financially cover the expenses or not. The vision for their practice is to â€Å"enhance the well-being of people in the communities we serve through a not-for-profit commitment to compassion and excellence in health care services. † They value community, innovation, affordability, compassion, caring, excellence, and integrity. Each year, Sutter Health invests millions of dollars back into its communities. In 2012 alone, the network of physician organizations, hospitals and other health care providers invested $795 million in health care programs, services and benefits for the poor and underserved and the broader community. The SHN has donated thousands in support of the US military personnel and their families. In 2012, as a part of their commitment to assist those individuals, the SNH donated $25,000 to improving the lives of service men and women. The donation was split between the Fisher House Foundation, to provide housing for military families, and the River of Recovery, to support soldiers through recreational and rehabilitation program. Sutter Health provides information for toll-free support helplines support groups, and associations; which include National Peer Support, Veteran Affairs Suicide Hotline, VA Special Issues, and Military Pathways. Pat Fry, the president and CEO of Sutter Health Network, was awarded the Patriot Award by the Employer Support of Guard and Reserve (ESGR) for demonstrating leadership in support of veterans, employees on active duty, and their families. One of the values the Sutter Health Network works to maintain is the excellence of their medical care and the high levels of safety for patients and doctors. The SHN implements various forms of technology and personnel measures which are used to improve their healthcare delivery. Sepsis quarantine and prevention is taken seriously. Multidisciplinary care teams participate in a sepsis summit to review detection strategies, system wide measures monitor and track sepsis outbreaks, and sepsis bundles (checklists and recommendations for health care providers) are being introduced in emergency departments, intensive care units, and medical-surgical units where most severe cases of sepsis originate. Central-line infections and pressure ulcer prevention are recognized as serious hospital conditions and are taken seriously. Identification of patients at risk for pressure ulcers, or â€Å"bed sores†, promotes early identification and treatment. Installation of pressure-relieving mattresses and support surfaces are used for patient comfort and safety. Central-line associated blood stream infections (CLABCI’s) are serious and can cause life-threatening situations. Medical caregivers in the SHN are extensively trained for awareness of CLABCI’s and how they are prevented. Since the CLABCI prevention was introduced in 2007, it is estimated that around 202 cases have been avoided. In 2012, the SHN started the innovated Advanced Illness Management (AIM) program which reduces hospitalization time and health care costs. One person enrolled in the AIM program is Edward Fogarty of Rocklin, an 81-year-old Air Force Veteran who lives a fulfilling life while managing COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and heart problems. Through the SHN’s new program, Edward is provided quality at-home nursing and personal care that manages his health, medication, and care without having to be emitted to a hospital. Keeping updated with current health informatics improvements and newly released technologies is essential to providing superior care to patients. The SHN uses the recently applied electronic health care records which enable immediate and easy access to all relevant information of the patient including medical history and insurance. Sutter Health became the first health care system in the Western United States to bring two separate eICU centers online, allowing continuous monitoring of critically ill patients by advanced video and remote monitoring. In one hospital, ICU mortality had been lowered a staggering 17. 3 percent from the year 2002, when the technology was employed, to 2004. Barcoding for medications and patients is a new and innovative development. Sutter Health is the first and only health care system so far in Northern California to implement this radical technology from Bridge Medical Center. A bar code is added to a patient’s wristband, and three separate codes are then input and used to match and monitor medication ordered by the over-seeing doctor, verifying that the patient receives the correct type and dosage amount. Sutter Health’s bar-coding technology has prevented approximately 28,000 medication errors across more than 2. 6 million attempted drug administrations throughout 10 hospitals in its first 18 months alone. The Sutter Health Network provides the highest quality care possible for their all of their patients, including military veterans. They take care to stay current with health informatics trends and technologies in order to do so. The support they gain from employing the Veteran’s Health Administration help provide military personnel, past and present, with the medical support or assistance as needed.

Answer the question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Answer the question - Coursework Example Money also shows the theme of love where giving is far much better than receiving (185). The religious inclination of giving away the grateful self to the giver of life, therefore, giving money shows love. In general, money is a theme in itself. Money is also mentioned when the Sultan who seeks a loan summons Nathan. Saladin is impressed by the wisdom of Nathan. The merchant then offers the loan of part of his gold since he desires to use part of it to pay his debt to Templar. 3. Kohlhaa’s wife attempts to get justice for her husband by delivering a petition to the Elector of Saxony. She is struck down by a guard in the process and later dies of her injuries. Kohlhaas is not a cruel man. He is just a man who seeks the justice he deserves even though some of the means he uses are cruel. He is a persistent man and this causes him a crime when the progress through legal means fails to help him. Kohlhaas, at the beginning of the book, lived with his wife, Elizabeth and five children. He is a caring father conducting a righteous horse-dealing business to provide for his children. As he was about to be executed, in his will, he even appointed a guardian for his five children. The leaders of the society in which Kohlhaas lived considered him a public nuisance and thus the desire to publicly execute him. To some of the people in the public, he was a courageous man in pursuit of justice while others just agreed with the rulers of the land (Watanabe 900). 4. a) There are not a lot of women writers in German Literature before the 20th Century. The themes in the works change into four main currents, which include before World War II, war literature, post war and post wall. Until 1989, there were only three to four countries producing German Literature. Examples are Christa Wolf 1929- from Austria. Wrote No Place On Earth, Cassandra, and A Model Childhood. Ingeborg Bachmann 1926- 1973 from Austria

Archaeology See below for specific information Research Proposal

Archaeology See below for specific information - Research Proposal Example The area that covers much of present day Ukraine, Russia and Central Asia was known in the middle ages as Scythia. The Scythian tribes dominated in this area which bordered on ancient Rome from around the 8th century BC to approximately the 2nd century CE, or Common Era. The most interesting area that was inhabited by the Scythians is the Altai Mountains which connect central Asia at a point where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kasakhstan conjoin. The mountains source the Ob, Yenisef, and Irtysh rivers and the temperature remains cold as the mountains are sit on glaciers and the water that feeds these rivers is from these glaciers. The Altai Mountains provide a perfect habitat to sustain mummified remains that can host a great benefit of discovery. Much of the ground is in a state of permafrost, which indicates that the soil remains at a temperature below freezing. The freezing temperatures preserve bodies, even after thousands of years have passed so that research can be done to find hints of a history that was not written with ink. In 2006 reports surfaced of a mummy found in these mountains of a Scythian man. It was reported that, â€Å"The spectacular find of the frozen remains of a Scythian warrior in Mongolia by an international team of archeologists could shed new light on ancient life.†(Ancient Mummy). The man is reported to be in good preservation. â€Å"The corpse of the Scythian warrior could help provide clues about how people lived 2,500 years ago and about what illnesses they suffered.† (Ancient Mummy). The warrior has blond hair, is somewhere between thirty to forty years old and w as discovered in an intact burial mound. His condition was remarkable. Hermann Parzinger, president of the German Archeological Institute, spoke about the condition of the find: boots. "There could be more surprises when we remove the clothing from the partly mummified

Greek Theater Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Theater - Research Paper Example However, performance of the plays began in the city of Athens during a religious festival of Dionysus, perceived to be the patron god of theatre and agriculture, peace promoter and the god of wine and harvest (Thomopoulous, p56). The actors would perform the plays within the first two weeks in the month of March in every year. An Archon would arrange, run and manage the activities of the festivals. He was an official whose election was at the end of every festival in every year. The Archon would perform his duties of managing the festivals only once (Rieger, p70). The new Archon would start immediate preparations for the next year’s festivals immediately after their election. He also appointed the playwrights who would present during the festivals and the judges, who would determine the winner. He selected two sets for the plays supposed to be staged during the festivals, one of tragedy and one for comedy (Nobles, p56). The theatre of Dionysus, located near the Acropolis, was one of the first theatrical structures where actors presented their plays. The Acropolis was a major structure in the city of Athens. The theatre, which resembles a baseball stadium in the modern day, comprised of three parts, the orchestra, a large circular space and buildings behind it. The other part was the skene, which in modern days is â€Å"scenery†. These were the buildings behind the orchestra, whose painting portrayed the play’s settings. They also held a backstage area where actors would rest in between the scenes and change their costumes. Then the third part was the audience who surrounded the stage on three sides (Porter, p56). A grand processional into the theatre of Dionysus kicked off the festivals, where people carried baskets of bread and jugs of wine and water as they entered in. They would offer the foodstuffs as a sacrifice to Dionysus (Porter, p95). Various groups of choirs performed songs, Dithyrambs right after the processional. These were song s accompanied by flutes and archived Dionysus’ life, particularly focusing on a single instance and were only performed by boys and men. The audience spent the remaining evening hours dancing and singing and in the following day, playwrights would announce the titles of their works to the audience. Performance of these works would take place in three days (Rieger, p75). A cycle of three plays formed the tragedies, where audience spent the whole day watching the entire cycle, which in many occasions ended in a burlesque and open sexual play known as a satyr. The characters in this play consisted of Greek myths and in addition, the playwrights from the previous tragedies, who would then engage in different kinds of immorality. There was performance of five comedies on the sixth day of the festival (Nobles, p67). Although people perceived these comedies as less complicated, it was still honorable for the best comedy to win. Judges would determine the winner at the end of the fes tival, whom they would award with a trophy and festoons. The greatest prize from the competition was however a goat, where the winner had an opportunity of giving it as a sacrifice to Dionysus. Aeschylus won many times the prize for the best tragedy than any other person. Unlike today’s plays where actors speak, the actors in the Greek plays would sing. These plays consisted of about four to thirty people who stood at the back of the orchestra.

Critical Context in law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Context in law - Essay Example By proving that either they or any of their ancestors were born in the EU b. By going through a Naturalization Process and obtaining a Residence Permit for living in a EU country under legal conditions However, Karl and Gabriel Kasparov hailed from Kazakhstan and thus could not have secured EU citizenship through their origin or family descent. Kazakhstan was not a member country of the EU, they would not have been entitled to the fundamental rights of the EU citizens. The only option available to them was the second method. Karl and sister Gabriel could acquire the rights of British citizenship following the process of naturalization, marital ties, the extension of awards or the expansion of business ties. They could have applied for a Residence Permit allowing them to live and work in the EU. For this, they would have been required to go through the process of Naturalization. This procedure would have required Karl and Gabriel to live and work in England legally (or any other EU co untry) for a considerable period of time. In this situation, Karl Kasparov chose to hide his actual identity in London and lived there assuming several fake identities. This would have created a hindrance in his application for the EU citizenship. Karl and Gabriel would have had to prove their legal identity during their stay in London from 2000-2008. Only then, they would have been eligible for applying for EU citizenship through the Naturalization process. After acquiring the EU citizenship, they would have been eligible to apply for a passport and a national identity proof of the EU. Thus, citizenship of the EU can be secured with the help of ‘birth, marriage, long-residency and family relations’.1 If Karl and Gabriel Kasparov had been successful in securing the citizenship of the EU, they would be granted certain basic rights. These privileges have been enumerated in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Karl and Gabriel would be accepted as citizens of the EU, with out interfering with their nationality of Kazakhstan. They would have been permitted to reside, travel and earn their living in any of the 27 member countries of the Union. They would have been accorded the right to vote in the European municipality and parliamentary elections. As citizens of the EU, they would be protected by the diplomatic and consulate authorities of England as well as any other EU country. In case of any dispute, Karl and Gabriel could have approached the European Ombudsman seeking justice. These citizenship rights have been described in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In addition to this, Karl and Gabriel Kasparov would have been allowed to communicate with any EU institution in any of the official languages of the Union. They would have gained equal access to employment opportunities in the various Civil Services of the EU. Organizations in the EU would not be able to discriminate against them on the basis of their Kazakhstan nationality. In the event of any such unfair treatment, they would always have the provision of appealing to the European Justice Commission. In addition to these fundamental rights, the Lisbon Treaty empowered one million EU citizens to select any area of their interest and propose a related initiative to the European Commission. Following this treaty, Karl and Gabriel would be entitled to an innovative form of public participation along with the other European citizens. They would have

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Hospitality Management - Essay Example The other important thing that I have learnt from this course is that managers have a very important role to foster organizational commitment among the members of the company. This significantly helps the members to identify with the company. There are various steps that can be taken in order to create commitment among the employees. It is important to motivate them as well as to create a flexible working environment where they are also in a position to fulfil their work-life goals. In the hospitality industry, the employees need to be motivated so that they can create an identity with the company they work for. This also helps to improve their performance. The other thing that I have acquired from this course is related to the aspect of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is just the same as internal motivation towards your own work. If you work in the hospitality industry, you ought to have internal motivation so that you can also be in a position to set your own goals in relation to your work. As individuals, we all have our own goals and aspirations to achieve to achieve at our workplace as well as personal goals. A fine balance between the two should be created so that we can develop that internal motivation that helps us to put more effort in our operations. I have also learnt that personal values are very important when operating in the hospitality industry. These are comprised of beliefs which shape our behaviour in the workplace. When dealing with other people especially in the hospitality industry, it is essential to be honest and truthful. I have realised that this personal value helps to create mutual trust with the clients. I have also noted that responsibility is another personal value that should always shape our behaviour in the hospitality industry since we should all be accountable for our actions. Above all, teamwork is very important in the hospitality industry. Through teamwork, members are

Cultural Relativism and Ethical Subjectivism Essay

Cultural Relativism and Ethical Subjectivism - Essay Example This research tells that Cultural relativism is the belief about defining human actions on the basis of cultural values of an individual. Different cultures may have different ideas of right or wrong and no idea can be considered as absolute. Ethical or moral subjectivism can be defined as the absence of definite or absolute moral right or wrong. It argues that individuals may have their own versions of moral values and no standard can be set by the society. The idea that reality cannot be absolute and relative is an attempt by the society to accept or sanction the differences between the people. Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism both argue that there cannot be one correct solution to all problems and different people may perform differently in similar situations and they can still be right. Beliefs or attitudes of people are different and so they act differently in similar situations, and society cannot set a standard for what is right or wrong. An ethical subjectivist wi ll not believe in accepting absolute moral standards simply because of the fact that absolute moral standards cannot be known objectively. The absence of surety in the context of morality is the reason why subjectivism is supported by an ethical subjectivist. The idea is to allow an individual to think or act according to his belief simply because the ‘true reality’ is not known. Everyone is therefore entitled to believe in his or her version of morality. Cultural relativism also vouches for differences among people on the account of differences between cultural values. Culture can be regarded as one of the strongest influence on a person because it shapes an individual’s personality and thought patterns from childhood. This allows a cultural relativist to argue that different culture may have different interpretations of truth and therefore differences between cultures should be accounted for without arguing for a perfect realist view of truth. The similarity be tween these two viewpoints is that they both argue in favor of societal and individual versions of moral truths. Subjectivity and relativism are preached because we can only be relatively sure about anything. Individuals are allowed to behave differently on account of their culture or personal opinions because of this absence of surety when it comes to moral reality. The main criticism on both of these theories is that the society will be in a chaos if every person in the society starts to practice his or her own version of morality. Any idea about right or wrong cannot be left to the individual (ethical subjectivism) or a group of individuals (cultural relativism) simply because of the lack of rational thought that is embedded in all societies. This criticism of subjectivity and relativism springs from the idea that people cannot be trusted for they may, and do, err in their social judgments and society cannot be exposed to the madness of one or many. The reply to this argument by ethical subjectivist will base in a belief that human beings have an inherent sense of morality.

Corporate Ethics and Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Ethics and Governance - Case Study Example Greenpeace has alleged that the soybean producers have not adhered to the environmental requirements that 80 percent of the rainforest area should be kept in their natural format. This act can be considered as a violation of the legal provisions. Another complaint by Greenpeace is that there is an increasing incidence of 'bonded-labour' in the region by using a debt-bondage. The poorly paid workers are lured by the ranchers and are bound under "conditions analogous to slavery". It may be noted that in the year 2005 there were 4133 slaves who were freed from bonded-labour. It may be noted that Amazon is the most diverse expanse of intact forest in the world and that already 15 to 20 percent of the total area of 4.1 million square kilometers of forest are already destroyed. It is also feared that further areas would be put to danger by the change in the climate. According to the libertarian theory, the role of the government is paramount in protecting the life, liberty, and property of citizens against any interference by the fellow citizens. Any rational person in order to ensure this protection out of self interest would join hands with fellow citizens for securing this protection. In fact the quality of rational self interest compels a person to join any association which has as its purpose securing the protection of life, liberty, and property. "In a few words, they believe that individual freedom is the fundamental value that must underlie all social relations, economic exchanges and the political system." (Martin Masse) Considering the principles evolved in the libertarian theory, the action of Greenpeace in opposing to the action of McDonald's indulging indirectly in destroying the rainforests of Amazon for growing soy-based animal feed used by these chains for fattening the chicken can be considered as pushing the protection under the libertarianism. However libertarians would expect the respective governments to promulgate environmental regulations to protect the Amazon rainforests. Egalitarianism: Egalitarianism while acknowledging the claim of rights by libertarianism valid, goes a step further in extending the terms of the social contract to include certain rights which are termed as 'opportunity rights'. The assumptions under Egalitarianism claim that the rational persons would choose a social contract with terms that not only provide for libertarian protection but also would ensure that individuals are provided with a share of primary goods, where primary goods includes food, shelter, security and some discretionary income. The purpose of such share of primary goods is to provide for a decent life. When the principles of egalitarianism are considered in this case of McDonald's involving itself

Summary chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary chapter 7 - Essay Example Schloss and Schmidt (2006) stress that special education is a collaborative process and the consultant teacher plays a crucial role in it. The consulting teacher provides services to both secondary teachers as well as their students. Key elements of effective collaboration are willing participants, understanding roles of the two teachers, agreement on goals, sharing responsibility for the student’s problem, sharing responsibility for success (failure) of the intervention developed. The authors identify a number of advantages of using the consulting teacher and some of these benefits include increased level of students, efficient teamwork, reduction of costs of special education. Exposing nondisabled students to collaborating with disabled learners has a positive impact on both parties as students acquire the necessary communicative skills. Schloss and Schmidt (2006) note that it is possible to develop an effective consultant teacher program by considering characteristics of the consultant teacher, responsibilities of consultants, gaining acceptance. The consultant teacher’s responsibilities include identification of the problem behavior, establishing objectives, designing the program, developing an evaluation plan, provision of in-service training, implementation and monitoring of the program, termination of the program, dissemination of results. It is also noted that resource rooms may be a good alternative to the secondary setting. Schloss, M.A., & Schmidt, R.J. (2006). Collaboration and the role of the consultant teacher. In P.J. Schloss, M.A. Schloss, & C.N. Schloss (Eds.), Instructional methods for secondary students with learning behaviour problems (pp. 176-193). New York, NY:

Investigation of resistivity of nichrome wire Essay Example for Free

Investigation of resistivity of nichrome wire Essay 32 Gauge 28 Gauge Voltage Recorded Percentage Uncertainty % Ammeter The ammeter recorded the current of the circuit with the wire connected to it. 32 Gauge 28 Gauge Current Recorded Percentage Uncertainty %( Current Recorded Percentage Uncertainty. Resistance Thus, as the resistance is calculated using the voltage and current obtained, we have the following resistance percentage uncertainties. 32 Gauge Resistance Uncertainty %( Gauge Resistance Uncertainty % Resistivity This is calculated using the resistance, area and the length. The uncertainties of the resistance and length are used to calculate the uncertainty of the resistivity. The area was not used as it was found by using the gauge value and checked against a referenced site, where diameters were published. As this value was given, the uncertainty was not counted as the method of measurement was not stated. 32 Gauge 28 Gauge Resistivity Uncertainty %(Discussion As the investigation took place, the voltage was increased slowly. This increased the current passing through the circuit. From these values obtained for each of the wires, the resistance and resistivity were calculated. The resistance was calculated from both the values obtained from the experiments and also from the gradient of the graph drawn. This was done so that separate set of resistivities can be obtained and evaluated. As seen from the calculations of the resistance, it is proportional to the length of the wire. The longer the nichrome wire is, the larger the resistance will be. This was certainly the case here as the resistance for the 1 metre wire was more than double that of the 0. 5 metre wire. This larger resistance would be due to the cross-sectional area of the wires. Were the 1 metre wire had a cross-sectional area of 5. 9 x 10-8 m2, the 0. 5 metre was 1. 1 x 10-7 m2, therefore the first nichrome being longer and thinner, causes the resistance to be much larger. The resistivity was calculated for each of the nichrome wires and was found to be very close to one another. The slight difference could be due to experimental errors. The 32gauge wire had a much larger resistance, while being the longer wire and had the thinner cross-sectional area. Taking this all into consideration, the resistivity was calculated at varying voltages and the mean value was 1. 0149 x 10-6 ? m. The gradient from the graph is the resistance, this again was used to calculate a separate value of the resistivity, which was 1. 01496 x 10-6 ? m. This was done as the trend line of the graph was set to the intercept of zero, as when there is no power through the circuit there would be no voltage or current. This value is the same as the value found from the obtained tabulated results. The calculated resistivities for the 28gauge gave similar values. Here the mean value from the obtained current and voltage was 1. 095 x 10-6 ? m, where as the resistivity calculated from the gradient of the graph was 1. 12 x 10-6 ? m. Although these values looking different they are of the standard form of negative 6, meaning they are very small numbers, and therefore this slight difference is minute. Again this resistivity for the 28 gauge in comparison to the resistivity for the 32 gauge is the same, where very small decimal places are slightly out. This investigation led to determining a good value for the resistivity by using two wires of different dimensions. The accepted value for the resistivity of nichrome is 1. 50 i 10-6 ? m. This in ratio to the values obtained is as follows: 32 Gauge 1 This shows that the values obtained are very close to that of the accepted value. To improve the accuracy of the results the experiment should be repeated. In doing so, some variables should be kept constant i. e. the length, gauge or temperature so that an average can be obtained. Bibliography http://www. 8886. co. uk/ref/standard_wire_gauge. htm http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electric/resis. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity Physics Assignment 3 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Dents Disease: Symptoms, Genetics, and Treatments

Dents Disease: Symptoms, Genetics, and Treatments Dents Disease Alessander Leyendecker Junior Clinical Aspects Dents disease is a recently characterized syndrome caused by a genetic mutation that leads to a renal tubular disorder and is characterized by manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction. The proximal tubule is responsable for the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose and low-molecular-weight proteins (like retinol binding protein and ÃŽ ±1 microglobulin and ÃŽ ²2 microglobulin) and for the secretion of ammonia, toxins, drugs and H+. Therefore, a proximal tubule dysfunction like Dents disease is characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria (excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins in the urine), hypercalcinuria (high concentration of calcium in the urine), nephocalcinosis (deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma), nephrolithiasis (formation of crystalline aggregates that can develop anywhere along the urinary tract) and progressive renal failure. Low-molecular-weight proteinuria represents the most common symptom of Dents disease (Devuyst Thakker, 2010). Mapping: A higher disease severity in males and a lack of male to male transmission were identified by an analysis of 5 unrelated British families. The fact that females may show a milder phenotype suggests an X-linked recessive inheritance. The locus position on chromossome Xp11 was identified by linkage analysis of 2 3-generation families with Dent disease by Pook et al. (1993). Twenty X-linked polymorphic markers were used and the Linkage was established between Dents disease and the Xp1l 1 loci ARAFI (Z max = 5.42, 0 = 0.000), DXS426 (Z max = 3.61, 0 = 0.000), DXS255 (Z max = 5.48, 6 = 0.000) and DXS988 (Z max = 4.25, 0 = 0.045) to determine a locus order. In addition, DXS255 has presented a microdeletion in the affected members of one family, allowing the localization of Dents disease to Xp11.22 (Pook et al., 1993). Furthermore, another proximal renal tubular disorder associated with nephrolithiasis in a North American family and referred to as X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis has also been mapped to Xpl1.22. Suggesting that maybe there is one gene causing both X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis and Dents disease. Molecular Genetics: A study conducted by Fisher et al (1994) found a microdeletion in one Dent’s disease kindred, allowing the identification of the gene CLCN5 as a candidate. Furthermore, an investigation of 11 kindreds with renal tube disorders indentified 3 nonsense, 4 missense, 2 donor splice site mutations, 1 intragenic deletion and 1 microdeletion in CLCN5 gene (Llyod et al., 1996). Furthermore, Hoopes et al. (2005) indentified that some patients with Dents disease suffer from extra-renal symptoms such as cataract, mild intellectual impairment and hypotonia. Shared mutations in OCRL1 with the oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe were identified in these patients. The presence of such extra-renal symptoms with mutations relating to Lowe syndrome is known as Dent disease 2. A research conducted by Bà ¶kenkamp et al. (2009) showed that low-molecular-weight proteinuria was a constant feature in all both Dent disease 1, Dent disease 2 and oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe. However, there was a wide overlap in most of the other symptoms of the proximal tubulopathy. Nephrocalcinosis was observed more frequently in patients with Dents disease 1 than those with Dents disease 2 and Lowe syndrome; aminoaciduria, renal tubular acidosis, and renal failure was observed more frequently in patients with Lowe syndrome than patients with Dent-disease 1 and Dent disease disease 2. Genetics: All these findings have demonstrated that both Dent disease 1 and Dent disease 2 are a X-linked recessive inherited condition, caused by mutations in the OCRL1 (Dent disease 2) or CLCN5 (Dent disease 1) genes. These genes are located on chromosome Xp11.22 (Dent disease 1) and Xq25 (Dent disease 2). Mutation in CLCN5 are responsible for about 60% of the cases of Dent disease and mutation in OCRL are responsible for about 15% of the cases of Dent disease (Hoopes et al., 2004). So, nearly 25% of the cases of Dent disease do not have a known disease-causing mutation in OCRL or CLCN5, implying another genetic heterogeneity. Due to the fact that Dents disease is a X-linked recessive disorder, the disease is generally found in males only. Females carriers may show a milder phenotype. Furthermore, the disease may be present in early childhood (Devuyst Thakker, 2010). To date around 250 families with Dent-1 disease and about 50 patients with Dent-2 disease have been reported (Ludwig, Levtchenko Bà ¶kenkamp, 2014). The diagnosis of Dents disease is always difficult due to the wide variability of clinical presentation and, occasionally, lack of family history. Therefore, the disorder is likely underdiagnosed and the prevalence of this disease in the population is still unknown. More than 200 Dents disease 1 patients withCLCN5defects have been described with several different disease-causing mutations all over the gene. The types of mutations includes missense (44%) and nonsense (26%) mutations, small deletions/insertions (15%) and splice defects (11%), with a few hotspots, usually affecting arginine codons. Large insertions/deletions can be detected in around 4%of the patients. However, OCRLmutations in Dents disease 2 patients are not uniformly distributed. Missense mutations are usually found in exons 8–15 while nonsense or frameshift mutations very often affect exons (Ludwig, Levtchenko Bà ¶kenkamp, 2014). CLCN5 encodes the electrogenic Clà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »/H+ exchanger ClC-5. OCRL1 encodes a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡) 5-phosphatase and mutations are also linked to the Lowe Syndrome. Mutations in any of these genes can culminate in the lack or dysfunction of these important proteins and result in the phenothype of Dents disease. Pathophysiology: The ability to reabsorb low-molecular-weight proteins and albumin that are ultrafiltered by the glomerulus are characteristics of the epithelial cells covering the proximal tubule portions of the nephron. This ability involves a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the receptor-mediated endocytosis the particle to be endocytosed binds to specific receptor proteins concentrated at certain locations in the plasma membrane. Several types of receptors participate in the receptor-mediated endocytosis. These sites form a small depression in the plasma membrane that is covered by clathrin (a type of fibrous protein). After the binding of a ligand to plasma membrane-spanning receptors, a signal is sent through the membrane, leading to membrane coating, accumulation of the ligands into coated pits, and formation of a membrane invagination. The receptor and its ligand are then opsonized in clathrin-coated vesicles. The clathrin confers stability to the vesicle that are being transp orted into the cell. In the cytoplasm the vesicle loses its clathrin coverage and individual vesicles fuse to early endosomes. The acidification of endosomes by proton pumps ATP-dependent leads to the dissociation of the protein-receptor complex. This process allows the endosomes to fuse with the lysosomes through late endosomes. This acidification is reached by ATP-mediated transport of cytosolic H+ through the V-ATPase and demand an equal Cl conductance to preserve electroneutrality. It has been theorized that the H+ gradient can be neutralized by the C1C-5 action. In theory, ClC-5 provides an electrical shunt to neutralize the H+ gradient. Therefore, the vesicular acidification should be impaired by the loss of the endosomal Cl conductance mediated by ClC-5, resulting in the dysfunction of proximal tubule cells. To confirm this hypothesis, Piwon et al. (2000) created two distinct strains of ClC-5 knock-out (KO) mice which both have symptoms of the main characteristics of Dentâ₠¬â„¢s disease including manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction like low-molecular-weight proteinuria. A reduced acidification of early endosomes in ClC-5-deficient mice have been demonstrated by in vitro experiments. However, ClC-5 is a 2Cl/H+ exchanger and not just a Cl channel, so the importance of this exchange activity for Dent’s disease was still unknown and needed to be assessed. In order to investigate this relevant question, Novarino et al. (2010) created a knock-in (KI) mouse presenting a point mutation in a important glutamate residue which transforms the exchanger into an uncoupled Cl channel that should help the endosomal acidification. The conventional ClC-5 KO mouse was subsequently compared with the KI mice. Acidification of the renal endosomes from wild-type and KI mice was regular, but greatly impaired in KO mice. Nevertheless, the same symptoms were indentified in both KI and KO mice, despite normal endosomal acidification and patients with Dentâ€⠄¢s disease, including low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia. Moreover, both the KI and KO mouse presented impaired proximal tubule endocytosis, indicating that proximal tubule dysfunction in Dent’s disease may happen in spite of the regular acidification of the endosomes. These findings indicate a function for a diminished endosomal Cl accumulation in Dent’s disease. Diagnosis: The clinical diagnosis of Dent’s disease is grounded on the presence of low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, and at least one of the following characteristics: kidney stones, hematuria, nephrocalcinosis, renal insufficiency or hypophosphataemia (Hoopes et al., 2004). The clinical diagnosis can also be supported by nephrolithiasis and/or history of X-linked inheritance of renal Fanconi syndrome. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the recognition of mutation in both CLCN5 or OCRL1 by sequence analysis. Sequence analysis of affected males allows the identification of whole-gene deletions, multiexonic and exonic due to the lack of amplification is this case. Confirmation may also require deletion/duplication studies. It is imperative to previously identify the disease-causing mutation in the family when conducting a carrier test for at-risk relatives. The diagnosis of Dent disease 2, related with OCRL1 mutations, is more common than a diagnosis of Lowe syndrome when th ere are an absence of clinical symptoms and lack of severe intellectual deficit. Treatment: The reduction of hypercalciuria, prevention of nephrocalcinosis and kidney stones, and retardate the evolution of chronic kidney disease (nephrolithiasis) are the objectives of the current treatment. Thiazide diuretics in doses higher than 0.4 mg/kg/day have reducted urinary calcium excretion by more than 40% in males with Dent disease (Raja et al., 2002). However, side effects like hypokalemia, volume depletion, and cramping often occur. Similarly, we need to be cautious due to the fact that an increased hypercalciuria can result from the treatment of rickets with vitamin D. Furthermore, recent studies has been shown that a high citrate diet can slow the progression of chronic kidney disease in CLCN5 knockout mice (Cebotaru et al., 2005) and can be efficiently used to treat Dent disease. Genetic Counseling: The two types of Dent’s disease are X-linked. Therefore, men are affected more harshly. The father of an affected man will not have the disease or will he be a carrier of the mutation. The probability of transmitting the disease allele in each pregnancy is 50% if the mother of the proband is a carrier. Males who inherit the mutation will be affected and females who inherit the mutation will be carriers and will generally not be strongly affected. Affected men pass the disease-causing mutation to all of their daughters (who become carriers) and none of their sons. It is possible to conduct carrier testing for at-risk female relatives and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased. Word count: 1673 References Blanchard A, Vargas-Poussou R, Peyrard S, Mogenet A, Baudouin V, Boudailliez B, Charbit M, Deschesnes G, Ezzhair N, Loirat C, Macher MA, Niaudet P, Azizi M: Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on urinary calcium excretion in Dent disease: an uncontrolled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008, 52:1084-1095. Bà ¶kenkamp A, Bà ¶ckenhauer D, Cheong HI, Hoppe B, Tasic V, Unwin R, Ludwig M. (2009). Dent-2 disease: A mild variant of Lowe Syndrome. J. Pediatr, 155, pp. 94-99, ISSN 0022-3476 Cebotaru V, Kaul S, Devuyst O, Cai H, Racusen L, Guggino WB, Guggino SE: High citrate diet delays progression of renal insufficiency in the ClC-5 knockout mouse model of Dent’s disease. Kidney Int 2005, 68:642-652. Devuyst, O., Thakker, R. V. (2010). Dent’s disease. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. Fisher, S. E., Black, G. C., Lloyd, S. E., Hatchwell, E., Wrong, O., Thakker, R. V., Craig, I. W. (1994). Isolation and partial characterization of a chloride channel gene which is expressed in kidney and is a candidate for Dents disease (an X-linked hereditary nephrolithiasis). Human molecular genetics, 3(11), 2053-2060. Hara-Chikuma M, Wang Y, Guggino SE, Guggino WB, Verkman AS: Impaired acidification in early endosomes of ClC-5 deficient proximal tubule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 329:941-946. Hoopes, R. R., Raja, K. M., Koich, A., Hueber, P., Reid, R., Knohl, S. J., Scheinman, S. J. (2004). Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in Dents disease.Kidney international,65(5), 1615-1620. Hoopes RR Jr, Shrimpton AE, Knohl SJ, Hueber P, Hoppe B, Matyus J, Simckes A, Tasic V, Toenshoff B, Suchy SF, Nussbaum RL, Scheinman SJ. Dent Disease with mutations in OCRL1. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76:260–267. doi: 10.1086/427887. Ludwig, M., Levtchenko, E., Bà ¶kenkamp, A. (2014). Clinical utility gene card for: Dent disease (Dent-1 and Dent-2).European Journal of Human Genetics. Lloyd, S. E., Pearce, S. H., Fisher, S. E., Steinmeyer, K., Schwappach, B., Scheinman, S. J., Thakker, R. V. (1996). A common molecular basis for three inherited kidney stone diseases. Nature, 379(6564), 445-449. Novarino G, Weinert S, Rickheit G, Jentsch TJ: Endosomal chloride-proton exchange rather than chloride conductance is crucial for renal endocytosis. Science 2010, 328:1398-1401. Pagon, R. A., Adam, M. P., Bird, T. D., Dolan, C. R., Fong, C. T., Stephens, K., Rossetti, S. (2012). Dent Disease. Piwon N, Gunther W, Schwake M, Bà ¶sl MR, Jentsch TJ: ClC-5 Cl-channel disruption impairs endocytosis in a mouse model for Dent’s disease. Nature 2000, 408:369-373. Pook, M. A., Wrong, O., Wooding, C., Norden, A. G. W., Feest, T. G., Thakker, R. V. Dents disease, a renal Fanconi syndrome with nephrocalcinosis and kidney stones, is associated with a microdeletion involving DXS255 and maps to Xp11.22. Hum. Molec. Genet. 2: 2129-2134, 1993. Raja KA, Schurman S, DMello R G, Blowey D, Goodyer P, Van Why S, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Asplin J, Scheinman SJ. Responsiveness of hypercalciuria to thiazide in Dents disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2938–44 Wrong.O.M., Norden.A.G.W. and Feest.T.G. (1990) Quart. J. Med. 77, 1086-1087.

Money is the Root of All Evil Essay

Money is the Root of All Evil Essay Drugs: the love of money is the root of all evils Most people hold the false belief that they are unable to live without money; therefore, they condition their lives from early childhood to gain wealth by whatever means possible. This conning into the love of money has resulted in various forms of evils such as stealing, kidnapping, and illegal use of drugs, which have destroyed many lives and families. Among these, illegal use of drugs is one of the most discouraged habits in the Western society because of its widespread effects. In order to gain wealth, most people have propagated the use of drugs. The abuse of drugs is a dangerous problem in this century. Drugs have become a component of the lives of most people who depend on them for such things as pleasure, depression, and medical relief. Currently, there is much controversy regarding the use of drugs. A drug is defined as any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior (Gaines and Miller, 527). Nevertheless, in popular terminology the term drug denotes a more specific connotation. When individuals talk of the drug problem or the war on drugs, or drug abuse, they are in particular referring to illicit drugs. More specifically, they are referring to illicit psychoactive drugs that influence the normal brain functions and change consciousness or perception. It is important to note that nearly every drug that relates to the criminal justice system is considered psychoactive. The use of drugs is a controversial topic because at times the line between licit and illicit drugs is difficult to draw. Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein note that the societys attitude regarding the use of drugs, as established by culture and tradition, affect our initial perception and use of a particular drug (55). Some cultures around the world use drugs to improve their cognitive abilities, which include memory, concentration, thought, and several other things. Such drugs are usually referred to as nootropics. Several religions incorporate the use of drugs in their ceremonies, which obviously conflict with the regulations against the use of drugs. The most commonly used drugs in the ceremonies are the psychedelics, deliriants, stimulants, and sedatives. These drugs are referred to as entheogens. Most of the indigenous religions employ the use of drugs during their religious ceremonies. Shamanistic religions of the Americas, Asia, and other continents widely use drugs such as cannabis, the fly agaric, peyote, and opium. On the other hand, some religions such as Christianity prohibit the use of socially and legally acceptable drugs. Since some religions are entirely founded on the use of certain drugs, this has sparked controversies on whether to prevent such usage or allow it as a religious exception. The use of drugs has been highly politicized. The business of selling drugs is considered as the second most profitable industry in the globe. It follows the dangerous trade in weapons but precedes oil trade. Therefore, many people around the world have used the drug industry to gain political power. The political issues concerning the use of drugs consist of, but not limited to, the substances that are defined as drugs, the means of supplying and controlling their use, and how the society relates with the individuals who abuse drugs. Why is tobacco and alcohol considered legal in most countries despite the fact that they are the leading cause of deaths in the world? This fact powerfully illustrates the political dimension of using drugs. Raven notes that, the status of various drugs has been greatly influenced by political and economic interests (para.5). For instance, cannabis was wrongly categorized as a narcotic and its use restricted mainly because of racist and economic reasons . Several nations in the world have regulations that are intended to criminalize some drug use. However, it is interesting to note that in most cases the legislation is self-referential which defines abuse according to what is made illegitimate and lists all the drugs specified by the legislation. These drugs are referred to as illegal. However, in true sense, what is illicit pertains to their unauthorized production, distribution, and ownership. Some countries refer to them as controlled substances. Because of the love of money, many world leaders have tolerated this practice in order to preserve their positions in power. Various influential social factors can motivate one to abuse drugs. These include, curing an illness, providing relaxation, relieving stress or anxiety, trying to escape reality, self-medicating, heightening awareness, wanting to distort and change visual, auditory, or sensual inputs, or the need to strengthen ones confidence (Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein, 6). Perceptions about the use of drugs taken from the values of other drug addicts, the traditions in the society, and the addicts personal experiences with using drugs are also considered as influential social factors. The reaction of the society to the use of various drugs changes with time and place. For example, currently, opium is considered as an illicit drug. It is widely condemned as a pathogen (a major cause of diseases). However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it was considered as a legal drug. More so, it was commonly praised as a panacea (a treatment for all manner of diseases). Every year, a lot of money is used in advertising alcohol and tobacco products to consumers with the aim of reaching as many potential customers as possible. For example, Kirsh points out that in 2006 alone, almost $1 billion was spent to advertise alcohol on television screens (158). This represented a twenty-seven percent increase from 2001. Despite the many deaths that result from alcohol consumption, the media has not stopped airing these advertisements. Surely, the love of money is the root of all evils!  However, there are few, if any, advertisements that are intended to promote the use of illegal drugs. Tobacco and alcohol advertisements give the false image that the use of such drugs is regarded as a positive and a normative activity for the people who are living in the modern world. In order to address the increasing drug problem in todays society, educating the public through the media is one way of achieving this. Currently, promotions by alcohol and cigarette companies are found almost everywhere. The companies aim at increasing profits; therefore, they post their ads in magazines, television, radio, billboards, and even on little leaflets one gets after shopping their products. By using the media to promote their products, which most people do not require, the companies aim at increasing their consumer base. In carrying out promotions directly to the population, the drug companies aim at achieving at least two things: first, to relay information directly to potential customers; second, to increase the demand for their products. However, the society could have greatly benefited if the mass media was used to fight against the rampant habit of abuse of drugs. Such campaigns should be aimed at discouraging preteens and teens from early engagement into the life o f drugs. In illustrating the devastating effects of drug abuse, we will start by examining the life of a 22-year-old single woman called Suzanne (DiDominico, 4). For the past four years, she has been residing with her boyfriend called Jack in Manhattans lower east side and they have been addicted to heroin for many years now. When she was ten years old, her dad, who was addicted to alcohol, separated from her mom. Her mother then took the responsibility of bringing the kids up. When she was fourteen years, she started drinking and smoking marijuana and two years later, she dropped out of school. Her boyfriend introduced her to heroin when she moved in with him. She got used to heroin faster because she had used the marijuana as a stepping-stone to the hard drug. Suzanne usually says that the heroin assists in calming her nerves and enables her to have a good sleep at night. However, she has never enjoyed having sex with her boyfriend. The second case is about a 19-year-old alcohol addict called Eunice. Alcohol is one of the widely abused drugs by both adults and the young people. The prevalence of this problem has made teens like Eunice to get into alcohol related incidents. As more and more people abuse alcohol, more lives are being ruined. Eunice started drinking because she thought that her problems were inescapable, interminable, and intolerable. As she tried to subdue effects of loneliness, guilt, and self-reproach in her life, she became addicted to alcohol. Even though Eunice acknowledges that she gets a buzz and a good feeling for a while after drinking, her life has been changed completely due to the addiction. Eunice often complains of coordination difficulty, difficulty in standing, inappropriate sexual behavior, memory problems, stupor, and many other complications. This case illustrates the devastating effects of alcohol addiction. Presently, the abuse of drugs is increasingly becoming a societal problem. As illustrated by the two case studies above, most drug addicts start the behavior during their teenage years. This is because these years are the most crucial in the maturing process since the teens are faced with the difficult task of discovering their self-identity. Because of the love of money, drug dealers usually ensure that the drugs are readily available to this vulnerable group. Currently, most young people view drugs as socially acceptable. The availability and variety of drugs is widespread and their demand by both the teens and the adults has risen to devastating levels. The urge to make money has made them to be even more accessible and the addiction that follows has ruined many lives. The problem of drug abuse in our society today is very real and must be dealt with at all costs. However, to achieve this, we must tackle humanitys paramount problem: the love of money. It is because of the love of money that the illicit trade in drugs is still being done in most countries. In most cases, the traders bribe the authorities in order to continue with their businesses. All this is taking place and thousands of lives are being destroyed every day. Are we able to live in a drug free society? Are we able to eliminate the problems that come due to drug abuse? Hopefully, the answer is yes, but after carefully examining the root cause of the problem.

education Essay -- essays research papers

Rather than emphasizing on maintaining discipline in a classroom, classroom management would be more appropriate for an effective teacher. Discipline has two significant limitations such that discipline highlights the individual rather than the classroom and secondly it connotes negative behavior (352). Whereas classroom management is broadly defined as â€Å"all of those positive behaviors and decisions a teacher makes to facilitate the learning process of their students† also reiterating all of those â€Å"activities necessary to create and maintain an orderly learning environment† (352). The reason why creating an effective classroom management plan is essential is to create a positive and productive learning environment, be able to work and communicate with the students, â€Å"reduce the incidents of misbehavior† while maintaining student interest, motivation, and involvement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone classroom is diverse since not one person is the same. Keeping this concept in mind, it is important to understand that everyone, primarily the students, have different cultural beliefs, values and attitudes. Some students may also come from a single parent home or may have their family going through a divorce. By understanding each student and their various cultural diversities, it will help the effective teacher produce a stronger level of communication with their students and encourage a productive learning environment. It is important to acknowledge each students differences and not ignore their needs outside the academic setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the focus of creating an effective classroom management plan, it is essential to define rules and implement them so they may be clearly and easily understood. While establishing rules it is important to remember that the goal is â€Å"to establish and maintain an effective learning environment† (361). While developing rules for the classroom, it is best that the list of rules be few yet clear and concise. â€Å"It is also important to involve the students in the development of these rules; this not only facilitates their understanding and ownership but also cultivates their sense of power and self-esteem† (362). The effective teacher will realize that by including students into the decision making process of their own classroom management, they are encouraging a more productive learning environment. ... ...ively enthusiastic in a classroom is important to engage student motivation. This can be implemented by showing interest in the subject matter being discussed and the teacher’s enthusiasm should reflect onto the students’. Organization is important to be developed in the classroom so that the students may carry the organizational skills outside the classroom and through out the rest of their lives. This can be implemented by having the students organize their desks at the end of every week and having a binder/notebook of their work shown to the teacher periodically which is organized according to the rules the teacher has established. Following through the rules is also important for the children because it is necessary that they have a consistent environment. The rules may be positively reinforced but this must be consistently done. It is a teacher’s role to have patience and with that the students will benefit the most. Finally, rules shall be implemented w ith respect, courtesy and listening on both ends of the spectrum. By showing the student that you, the teacher, has these qualities, they will realize that these are crucial in the proper development of a well-rounded student.

Civil War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Civil War During the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861-1865, over 620,000 accounted soldiers were killed. Known as the "the first modern war", historians generally agree that the reason for this was because this was a time of transition for the military. Armies and Navies were still using tactics where they would gather large forces of firepower to bear on the enemy. At the same time, weapons were being developed which were accurate and lethal well beyond any arms of the earlier conflicts. As a result of these two conditions many more casualties were sustained. Add to that the lack of medical knowledge of disease and infection and the numbers truly began to grow. This paper is an overview of the types of weaponry that was used during this time. Artillery generally falls into three basic categories; guns, howitzers and mortars. The main difference between them being the trajectory of the round fire. A gun has a high muzzle velocity and a very flat trajectory. Normally a gun is used in a direct fire mode where the target can be seen and penetration is desirable. Good targets for a gun would be things like brick or earth forts, ships, buildings, and targets in tree lines. Howitzers have a somewhat lower muzzle velocity and arc their shells onto a target. They are used in both a direct fire and indirect fire mode. Keep in mind with the limited range of the pieces available during the Civil War there was no indirect fire such as we know it today. Targets were generally always within the line of sight of the artillery men. This is especially useful when an enemy is concealed behind a prepared position or the artillery men desire to have a shell explode over an enemy’s head. The air-burst does less damage to hardened targets such as masonry walls, and redoubts, but causes many more human casualties due to the shrapnel covering a large area. Mortars have a very pronounced arc of flight. They have a relatively low muzzle velocity and are unsuitable for direct fire. Their principle value comes from being able to lob shells behind an obstacle such as a fort or a hill. Unlike modern mortars, those used during the Civil War were bulky devises and mounted at a fixed angle usually between 45 and 50 degrees. They were not very accurate and depended solel... ... of War suggesting that the gun be officially used by the North, but nothing was done. Later, the Navy adopted the gun in 1862 and so did the Army but not until 1866. My conclusion is that I would not want to be shot by any of these guns. They used very heavy ammunition that devastated what ever it hit. I guess that is why the American Civil War was called the bloodiest war of all time. Not only are you trying to kill your opponent, you are trying to kill a fellow American which must of been tougher. Also, if we adopted the Gatling gun, I feel that the war would of been over a lot faster than it was. To be able to fire 250 to 300 rounds in one minute is devastating. That gun was very mobile because it could be moved around by the horses because it was on wheels. I give these men lots of credit for going out there and fighting like they did. Many really did not know why they were fighting and they still fought with courage. And with a total of 620,000 casualties, a lot of men did not come home. Bibliography 1. "The Civil War", Ken Burns, 1994, tape 5, "Weapons of the Civil War" 2. "The Civil War", CD-ROM, by Mathew Brady, Rom-Man technologies,1995